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Energies and Quality Journal. ISSN: 2659-8779- HOME
E&Q4-2.
Volume 4, Issue 2, July 2026- 
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280 |
102-106 Abstract In university-level Electrical Engineering education, establishing a solid foundation in electrical circuit theory is essential. Core subjects such as Electricity and Magnetism and Electrical Systems provide the basis for advanced courses including Electrical Machines, Power System Analysis, Renewable Energy Integration, and Power Quality studies. However, these foundational subjects are often perceived by students as abstract and mathematically demanding. Traditional lecture-based approaches, while necessary, are not always sufficient to foster deep conceptual learning...READ MORE
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282 |
107-112 Abstract Inverter-based resources pose significant challenges to power systems, including the lack of electromechanical inertia, the inherently limited fault current contribution of power electronic interfaces, the harmonic injection due to their inherent switched behaviour and the strong dependence on active control loops that define their steady-state and dynamic operation. This paper presents a structured and implementation-oriented contribution to protection strategies of converter‑dominated power systems. ...READ MORE
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287 |
113-117 Abstract Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) is a smart gridtechnology that calculates the real-time, maximum power capacity (ampacity) of transmission lines based on current environmental conditions. DLR allows higher, safe power flows, making a better use of the line’s actual capacity and thus allowing for the integration of more renewables....READ MORE
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290 |
118-123 Abstract HydroElectric power systems with high penetration of inverterbased distributed generation face significant technical and operational challenges, among which protection systems constitute a critical concern. This paper presents a comparative assessment of a conventional segregated phase comparison–based line differential protection scheme and a proposed approach that incorporates compensation for line capacitance effects in networks with inverter-based resources (IBRs). ...READ MORE
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296 |
124-129 Abstract This study evaluates the economic feasibility of a 13.1 MW offshore solar farm based on SeaVolt platforms in the Canary Islands. While Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) results are promising, Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) remain negative, indicating limited economic viability under current assumptions. Nevertheless, offshore solar represents a highly promising technology, particularly as a complementary solution to offshore wind farms, enhancing energy output and supporting a sustainable energy transition. ..READ MORE
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310 |
130-132 Abstract HydroIn light of design features, electromagnetic loads and operating modes of turbine generators, a traveling wave of electromagnetic force density acting on the outer segments of the stator end stacks was determined. Concentration of force action on the edges of the teeth of loose segments is introduced in the analytical solutions for the ripple bending electromagnetic moments acting on the radial and tangential fixings (restraints) of the segments. Solutions for bending moments are obtained using the equivalent concentrated force in terms of generalized functions. ...READ MORE
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315 |
133-138 Abstract Rural areas are considered suitable applications for small, isolated wind generators. In this study, the energy produced is used to fill water storage tanks that can support agricultural and livestock activities. The small horizontal-axis wind turbine has a power rating of approximately 2 kW; the electrical output is primarily used to supply a water pump that fills two water tanks, although the remaining energy can be used to power an electrical system. ...READ MORE
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330 |
139-144 Abstract The transition to electric mobility involves complex interactions between technological infrastructure and social acceptance. While technical load profiles are critical for grid stability, understanding the "demand profile" from a governance and adoption perspective is equally vital for successful deployment. This paper presents a review of Q-Methodology as a robust tool for identifying and characterizing the subjective demand profiles of stakeholders involved in the electric vehicle (EV) ecosystem. ...READ MORE
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334 |
145-149 Abstract Wind energy is by far the largest renewable energy source in the Canary Islands, accounting for 73.7% of the renewable energy production. Although renewable sources in the archipelago account for only 21% of the total generated electricity, this percentage is expected to sharply increase over the next 20 years as part of the push for energy sovereignty and sustainability. It is thus critical to identify the main challenges faced by renewable energy sources. In this regard, the African dust events affecting the Canary Islands pose a local and specific problem to wind energy production. ...READ MORE
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336 |
150-153 Abstract Batteries and DC power supply in the transformer substation are of essential importance for the timely and correct operation of electrical power systems and for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of devices in the substations. Due to their characteristics and long charging cycles, existing stationary lead-acid batteries (Pb) are currently extremely oversized compared to the expected 12-hour autonomy. With the use of modern protection and control devices, the consumption of DC self-consumption has been greatly reduced in practice....READ MORE
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337 |
154-157 Abstract Transmission system operators require dynamic models calibrated to match real plant behavior, yet tuning is often manual, slow, and difficult to reproduce. This paper presents a fully automated calibration framework for renewable generation models based on Differential Evolution algorithms (DE), particularly Differential Evolution [1], implemented through the PSS®E Python API [2]. The calibration is formulated as a bounded nonlinear time-domain optimization problem in which candidate parameter sets are iteratively evaluated via dynamic simulations and compared against field measurements. ...READ MORE
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338 |
158-163 Abstract The earliest electrical protection systems consisted of simple overcurrent relays (functions 50/51) that measured only the magnitude of the current. Later, European engineers—particularly in Germany and the Nordic countries, where compensated-neutral networks were common—began to adapt the directional principle to zero-sequence currents (function 67N). The purpose was to determine whether the ground fault was located within the protected section, thus avoiding unnecessary tripping in other parts of the system [1–4]. ...READ MORE
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351 |
164-168 Abstract The fight against climate change requires replacing fossil fuels with clean, low-emission energy sources. Photovoltaic technology has established itself as the most developed option among renewable energies; however, its intermittent and uncertain nature requires support systems to ensure supply stability. This paper presents simulations developed in MATLAB for the sizing of a hybrid system consisting of long-term hydraulic storage and photovoltaic generation with the capacity to provide a firm supply. ...READ MORE
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361 |
169-175 Abstract Petroleum processing generates significant volumes of 'produced water' during extraction. Due to its complex composition, this effluent poses substantial environmental, technical, and economic risks when discharged. Evaluating the contamination potential through ecotoxicological assessments is therefore essential for sustainable management. This study provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of environmental regulations across various jurisdictions regarding the treatment, disposal, and ecotoxicological assessment of produced water....READ MORE
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372 |
176-179 Abstract The rapid expansion of decentralized renewable energy generation fundamentally transforms electricity systems by introducing variability, bidirectional flows and local balancing challenges. While technological flexibility solutions such as storage and grid reinforcement remain essential, they alone cannot ensure efficient operation without social acceptance and local coordination. Energy communities have therefore emerged as hybrid socio-technical arrangements integrating distributed generation, collective consumption and participatory governance....READ MORE
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390 |
180-185 Abstract As global urbanization accelerates, the demand for sustainable building envelopes has led to the emergence of Transparent Solar Cells (TSCs) as a cornerstone of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). The integration of TSCs into building envelopes presents a promising pathway toward energyefficient and sustainable architecture, particularly in regions with high solar irradiance. ...READ MORE
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